{ "version": "2026-10-19 · Two-pass bank", "categories": [ { "id": "1", "title": "Everyday social interaction" }, { "id": "2", "title": "Preferences, feelings and personal attitudes" }, { "id": "3", "title": "Information, description and explanation" }, { "id": "4", "title": "Opinions and discussion" }, { "id": "5", "title": "Requests, proposals and practical action" }, { "id": "6", "title": "Managing an interaction" }, { "id": "7", "title": "Clarifying, repairing and mediating" } ], "functions": [ { "id": "F01", "title": "Greeting, introducing and leaving", "category": "1", "kind": "social", "exam": [], "purpose": "Greet someone you know, meet someone new, catch up and leave naturally.", "note": "North American English is the default. Fine, thanks is possible, but it is not the only useful response. How have you been? asks about the time since you last met; Nice to see you is for someone you know, while Nice to meet you is for a first introduction. What's up? usually takes Not much, you? rather than a health report. How about yourself? is a conversational alternative to How about you? With someone who wants to talk, add one real detail; a passing greeting does not require a long answer. Intonation can make Okay sound positive, uncertain or unhappy.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Hi. How are you?", "example": "Hi. How are you? — Pretty good, thanks. How about you?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F01.C1", "context": "A quick, friendly check-in" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "This is…", "example": "This is Eva, a friend from yoga.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F01.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Nice to meet you.", "example": "Nice to meet you. — You too.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F01.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "It was nice talking to you.", "example": "It was nice talking to you. — You too. See you next week.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F01.C4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I don't think you two have met.", "example": "I don't think you two have met. Eva, this is Sam.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F01.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd better get going.", "example": "I'd better get going. I've got an early start tomorrow.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F01.B2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Hey! How's it going?", "example": "Hey, Alex! How's it going? — Not bad. How about you?", "register": "informal · North American default; also used elsewhere", "context": "Seeing a classmate or coworker", "code": "F01.C5" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Good, thanks. You?", "example": "How are you doing? — Good, thanks. You?", "register": "neutral conversational", "context": "A short positive answer", "code": "F01.C6" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Pretty good. How about you?", "example": "How are you? — Pretty good. I finally finished that project. How about you?", "register": "neutral conversational", "context": "A positive answer with one detail", "code": "F01.C7" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Not bad. How about yourself?", "example": "How is everything? — Not bad. How about yourself?", "register": "conversational", "context": "Things are reasonably good", "code": "F01.C8" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Nice to see you!", "example": "Hey, Jordan! Nice to see you! — You too! How was your weekend?", "register": "neutral friendly", "context": "Someone you already know", "code": "F01.C9" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "What's up? — Not much. You?", "example": "Hey, what's up? — Not much. Just heading to class. You?", "register": "informal · common in North America", "context": "A casual greeting, not a health question", "code": "F01.C10" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "See you later! / Take care!", "example": "I've got to go. See you later! — Take care!", "register": "conversational friendly", "context": "Ending a casual conversation", "code": "F01.C11" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Can't complain. How about you?", "example": "How's it going? — Can't complain. Work's been quieter this week. How about you?", "register": "conversational · understated positive", "context": "Things are generally okay", "code": "F01.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "How have you been?", "example": "Maya! It's been a while. How have you been? — Good! I moved last month.", "register": "neutral friendly", "context": "Catching up after some time apart", "code": "F01.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Same old, same old.", "example": "How have you been? — Same old, same old. Still working at the hospital.", "register": "informal · familiar; can sound tired or humorous", "context": "There is not much news", "code": "F01.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I've been better.", "example": "How are you doing? — I've been better. It's been a rough week. — Sorry to hear that.", "register": "conversational · invites a concerned response", "context": "An honest answer when things are difficult", "code": "F01.B6" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Not great, honestly.", "example": "How's your day going? — Not great, honestly. My flight was canceled.", "register": "conversational · candid", "context": "Giving some bad news", "code": "F01.B7" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Good to catch up. Let's keep in touch.", "example": "Good to catch up. Let's keep in touch. — Definitely. Text me when you're in town.", "register": "conversational friendly", "context": "Leaving after a longer conversation", "code": "F01.B8" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Alright? — Yeah, you?", "example": "Alright, Sam? — Yeah, you?", "register": "UK · informal greeting; recognition alternative", "context": "British alternative: not the North American default", "code": "F01.B9" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to greet someone you know, meet someone new, catch up and leave naturally. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F02", "title": "Thanking and responding", "category": "1", "kind": "social", "exam": [], "purpose": "Match the thanks to the help.", "note": "Appreciate takes a noun or -ing form: I appreciate your help, not I appreciate you to help me.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Thanks for + -ing", "example": "Thanks for waiting for me.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F02.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "You're welcome.", "example": "You're welcome. I'm glad I could help.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F02.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I really appreciate…", "example": "I really appreciate you taking the time to explain it.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F02.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "No problem.", "example": "No problem. Just send it when you can.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F02.B2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "No worries.", "example": "Thanks for saving me a seat. — No worries!", "register": "informal friendly", "context": "Responding to thanks", "code": "F02.C3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to match the thanks to the help. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F03", "title": "Apologizing and accepting an apology", "category": "1", "kind": "social", "exam": [], "purpose": "Take responsibility and offer a useful repair.", "note": "Sorry to interrupt opens an interruption; sorry for interrupting apologizes for one. I forgive you is often too weighty for a small mistake.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm sorry for + -ing", "example": "I'm sorry for sending the wrong file.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F03.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That's OK.", "example": "That's OK. These things happen.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F03.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I shouldn't have + past participle", "example": "I shouldn't have spoken to you like that.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F03.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'll…", "example": "I'll send the correct version now.", "register": "neutral;repair", "code": "F03.B2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Don't worry about it.", "example": "Sorry I'm a few minutes late. — Don't worry about it. We haven't started.", "register": "conversational reassuring", "context": "Accepting a minor apology", "code": "F03.C3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to take responsibility and offer a useful repair. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F04", "title": "Congratulating and wishing well", "category": "1", "kind": "social", "exam": [], "purpose": "Respond to the news rather than reciting a formula.", "note": "Congratulations on + noun/-ing; good luck with + noun. These routines belong in the foundation even when useful at B2.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Congratulations on…!", "example": "Congratulations on getting the job!", "register": "neutral", "code": "F04.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Good luck with…!", "example": "Good luck with your interview!", "register": "neutral", "code": "F04.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm really pleased for you.", "example": "I'm really pleased for you. You worked hard for this.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F04.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I hope it goes well.", "example": "I hope it goes well. Let me know how you get on.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F04.C4" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That's awesome!", "example": "I got the job! — That's awesome! When do you start?", "register": "informal · common in North America", "context": "Responding to good news", "code": "F04.C5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Good for you!", "example": "I finally signed up for swimming lessons. — Good for you! How was the first class?", "register": "conversational encouraging; tone can also sound sarcastic", "context": "Recognizing a positive step", "code": "F04.B1" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to respond to the news rather than reciting a formula. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F05", "title": "Responding to a sneeze", "category": "1", "kind": "social", "exam": [], "purpose": "One dependable response is enough.", "note": "Bless you is a conventional response in both British and American English. You do not have to respond to every sneeze.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Bless you!", "example": "Bless you! — Thanks.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F05.C1" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": false, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to one dependable response is enough. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F06", "title": "Showing sympathy, concern and condolences", "category": "1", "kind": "social", "exam": [], "purpose": "Acknowledge the situation without demanding personal details.", "note": "Match your response to the seriousness of the news. That's a shame fits an everyday disappointment; I'm so sorry for your loss acknowledges a death. My condolences is more formal. Do not use condolences for a minor setback. That must be... is an inference, not certainty about another person's feelings. Offer room to talk, not an interrogation or immediate unsolicited advice. Avoid cheerful commands such as Cheer up! after serious bad news.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm sorry to hear that.", "example": "I'm sorry to hear that. How are you doing?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F06.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Are you OK?", "example": "Are you OK? Would you like to sit down?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F06.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That sounds…", "example": "That sounds really difficult. Is there anything I can do?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F06.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That must be…", "example": "That must be frustrating, especially after waiting so long.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F06.B2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Oh no! That's a shame.", "example": "The concert sold out before I got a ticket. — Oh no! That's a shame.", "register": "conversational sympathetic", "context": "An everyday disappointment, not a bereavement", "code": "F06.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That sounds rough.", "example": "I've been working nights and barely sleeping. — That sounds rough. Do you have a day off soon?", "register": "informal empathetic", "context": "Recognizing a difficult experience", "code": "F06.C4" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I hope you feel better soon.", "example": "I've been home with the flu all week. — I'm sorry. I hope you feel better soon.", "register": "neutral caring", "context": "Responding to illness", "code": "F06.C5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm so sorry for your loss.", "example": "My grandfather passed away last week. — I'm so sorry for your loss. — Thank you.", "register": "neutral respectful · spoken or written", "context": "Condolences after a death", "code": "F06.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "My condolences to you and your family.", "example": "My condolences to you and your family. I'm very sorry to hear about your father.", "register": "formal respectful · often written", "context": "A more formal condolence", "code": "F06.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Do you want to talk about it?", "example": "My sister and I had a big argument. — I'm sorry. Do you want to talk about it?", "register": "conversational caring · give the person a choice", "context": "Offering to listen without pressing for details", "code": "F06.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Is there anything I can do?", "example": "That sounds really stressful. Is there anything I can do? — Could you send me the class notes?", "register": "neutral supportive", "context": "Offering practical help you can actually provide", "code": "F06.B6" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to acknowledge the situation without demanding personal details. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F07", "title": "Expressing likes and dislikes", "category": "2", "kind": "personal", "exam": [ "P" ], "purpose": "Express different degrees of enthusiasm and explain them.", "note": "Like/love/enjoy + -ing; keen on/interested in + noun/-ing. Keen on is especially associated with BrE, but understood beyond it. It is not a required British-only choice.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I really like + noun/-ing", "example": "I really like cooking for friends.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F07.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I enjoy + -ing", "example": "I enjoy finding new places to walk.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F07.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I don't like + noun/-ing", "example": "I don't like shopping in crowded places.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F07.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I can't stand + noun/-ing", "example": "I can't stand being interrupted.", "register": "conversational;strong", "code": "F07.C4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm quite keen on…", "example": "I'm quite keen on cycling, although I avoid busy roads.", "register": "particularly UK · conversational; North American alternative: into", "code": "F07.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not particularly keen on…", "example": "I'm not particularly keen on organized tours.", "register": "particularly UK · conversational; North American alternative: into", "code": "F07.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm a big fan of…", "example": "I'm a big fan of short documentaries.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F07.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not really into…", "example": "I'm not really into competitive sports.", "register": "informal", "code": "F07.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "…isn't really my thing.", "example": "Camping isn't really my thing; I like a proper bed.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F07.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What I like most about…is…", "example": "What I like most about my neighborhood is the sense of community.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F07.B6" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to express different degrees of enthusiasm and explain them. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F08", "title": "Comparing preferences and choosing", "category": "2", "kind": "personal", "exam": [ "P", "C" ], "purpose": "Distinguish general preferences from a choice now.", "note": "Prefer X to Y; prefer doing X to doing Y. Would prefer + to-infinitive; would rather + bare infinitive, with not before the verb. I don't mind means either option is acceptable, not that you dislike both.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I prefer X to Y.", "example": "I prefer trains to planes for short journeys.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I prefer -ing to -ing.", "example": "I prefer walking to driving when I have time.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'd prefer to…", "example": "I'd prefer to leave after lunch.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'd rather…", "example": "I'd rather stay somewhere central.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.C4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd much rather…than…", "example": "I'd much rather take a smaller room than share a bathroom.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd rather not…", "example": "I'd rather not book anything until we know the dates.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Given the choice, I'd…", "example": "Given the choice, I'd work four longer days.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd go for…", "example": "I'd go for the cheaper option; it includes breakfast.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F08.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I don't mind…", "example": "I don't mind traveling early if it saves us money.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm happy with either.", "example": "I'm happy with either. Which would suit you better?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F08.B6" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to distinguish general preferences from a choice now. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F09", "title": "Expressing feelings and reactions", "category": "2", "kind": "personal", "exam": [], "purpose": "Name a feeling and connect it to its cause.", "note": "Use -ed for how a person feels and -ing for what produces the feeling: I'm bored; the talk is boring. Intonation can change the force of a reaction. Emotion contrasts: excited/bored; pleased/disappointed; impressed/unimpressed; relaxed/tense. These are contextual contrasts, not identical strengths or meanings in every situation.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm excited about…", "example": "I'm excited about starting the course.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F09.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm disappointed that…", "example": "I'm disappointed that the event has been canceled.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F09.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I was surprised by…", "example": "I was surprised by how welcoming everyone was.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F09.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It's a relief to…", "example": "It's a relief to have the results at last.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F09.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I find it frustrating when…", "example": "I find it frustrating when nobody explains the delay.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F09.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I was impressed by…", "example": "I was impressed by how calmly she dealt with the complaint.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F09.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to name a feeling and connect it to its cause. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F10", "title": "Expressing hope and concern", "category": "2", "kind": "personal", "exam": [], "purpose": "Separate wishes, worries and likely consequences.", "note": "Hope is for an outcome you want. I wish I had… usually signals a different present reality; see the grammar bank. I am afraid can also soften bad news or refusal.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I hope…", "example": "I hope the new timetable works for everyone.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F10.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm worried about…", "example": "I'm worried about the cost of living.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F10.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm hoping to…", "example": "I'm hoping to reduce my working hours next year.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F10.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What worries me is…", "example": "What worries me is the lack of clear information.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F10.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "My main concern is…", "example": "My main concern is that some people will be left out.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F10.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "There's a risk that…", "example": "There's a risk that the extra traffic will make it worse.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F10.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to separate wishes, worries and likely consequences. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F11", "title": "Expressing ability and limitations", "category": "2", "kind": "personal", "exam": [], "purpose": "Distinguish skill, difficulty and practical constraints.", "note": "Can manage to is possible, but manage to is a more economical pattern. Not in a position to usually describes circumstances, not lack of skill.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I can/can't…", "example": "I can follow the main points, but I can't catch every detail.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F11.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I find it difficult to…", "example": "I find it difficult to concentrate in a noisy room.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F11.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I managed to…", "example": "I managed to finish it despite the interruptions.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F11.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I don't feel confident + -ing", "example": "I don't feel confident speaking in front of a large group yet.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F11.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not in a position to…", "example": "I'm not in a position to make that decision today.", "register": "neutral/formal", "code": "F11.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to distinguish skill, difficulty and practical constraints. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F12", "title": "Asking for factual information", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Ask precise questions and request details.", "note": "Indirect questions use statement word order: Could you tell me where it is? Asking for an opinion belongs in F19, not here.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Could you tell me…?", "example": "Could you tell me when the course starts?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F12.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Do you know if…?", "example": "Do you know if the price includes materials?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F12.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd like to know…", "example": "I'd like to know how much experience is required.", "register": "neutral/formal", "code": "F12.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could you give me some details about…?", "example": "Could you give me some details about the working hours?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F12.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could you talk me through…?", "example": "Could you talk me through the application process?", "register": "neutral;spoken", "code": "F12.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What does…involve?", "example": "What does the training involve?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F12.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to ask precise questions and request details. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F13", "title": "Identifying and describing", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "P" ], "purpose": "Select defining features and explain what something does.", "note": "This is a pattern bank: range also comes from relative clauses and precise topic vocabulary. Keep bear in mind for advice/instructions, not as a defining-description formula.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "It's a kind of…", "example": "It's a kind of shared garden.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F13.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "It's the one that…", "example": "It's the one that has a red cover.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F13.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "It's used for + -ing", "example": "It's used for measuring air quality.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F13.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What makes it different is…", "example": "What makes it different is that anyone can borrow the tools.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F13.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The main feature is…", "example": "The main feature is a large covered seating area.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F13.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It's similar to…, but…", "example": "It's similar to a library, but you borrow equipment instead of books.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F13.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to select defining features and explain what something does. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F14", "title": "Comparing and evaluating options", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Compare on a relevant criterion and weigh a drawback.", "note": "Comparison needs evidence or a reason. Use than after comparatives; as…as for equality. Not every difference is an advantage.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "…is more/less…than…", "example": "The second apartment is less expensive than the first.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "…isn't as…as…", "example": "The bus isn't as convenient as the train.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "One advantage of…is…", "example": "One advantage of living centrally is that you can walk to work.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The main drawback is…", "example": "The main drawback is the lack of storage.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Compared with…,…", "example": "Compared with our old office, this one has much more natural light.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "…whereas…", "example": "The first plan is cheaper, whereas the second gives us more flexibility.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "…would be better suited to…", "example": "The smaller venue would be better suited to a quiet discussion.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It depends on…", "example": "It depends on how many people are coming.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F14.B6" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to compare on a relevant criterion and weigh a drawback. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F15", "title": "Reporting and narrating events", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "P", "WP" ], "purpose": "Make the sequence clear and explain what mattered.", "note": "Eventually means after time or difficulty, not possibly. In the end gives the final outcome; at the end needs a reference such as of the course. This links to the discourse and tense banks.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "What happened was…", "example": "What happened was that we got on the wrong bus.", "register": "neutral;spoken", "code": "F15.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "While I was…,…", "example": "While I was looking for the ticket, the bus left.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F15.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "In the end,…", "example": "In the end, a neighbor gave us a ride.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F15.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It all started when…", "example": "It all started when I replied to an advert.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F15.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "By the time…,…", "example": "By the time we arrived, the meeting had already started.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F15.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "As it turned out,…", "example": "As it turned out, we had been waiting at the wrong entrance.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F15.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What struck me most was…", "example": "What struck me most was how helpful everyone was.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F15.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Looking back,…", "example": "Looking back, I should have asked for help sooner.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F15.B5" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to make the sequence clear and explain what mattered. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F16", "title": "Explaining reasons and consequences", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "P", "WP" ], "purpose": "Make the connection between an action and its cause or result explicit.", "note": "Because + clause; because of + noun/-ing. Connectors are developed further in the discourse bank; do not add a marker to every sentence.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "That's because…", "example": "That's because the building is closed on Mondays.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F16.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "…because of…", "example": "The match was canceled because of the weather.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F16.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The main reason is that…", "example": "The main reason is that many people work shifts.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F16.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "One reason for…is…", "example": "One reason for the delay is the shortage of staff.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F16.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "This means that…", "example": "This means that some residents will need another route.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F16.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "As a result,…", "example": "As a result, we had to change our plans.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F16.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to make the connection between an action and its cause or result explicit. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g3" }, { "id": "F17", "title": "Expressing certainty and speculation", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "P", "C" ], "purpose": "Show how confident you are and give the clue behind an inference.", "note": "Must/can't + infinitive express deductions here, not obligation/prohibition. Might have + past participle speculates about the past. No percentages are implied by the wording.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm not sure, but…", "example": "I'm not sure, but I think the entrance is at the back.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "It might/could be…", "example": "It might be a temporary measure.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "It's probably…", "example": "It's probably cheaper outside the summer season.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It must be…", "example": "It must be a popular place; there's a line outside.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It can't be…", "example": "It can't be open; all the lights are off.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "There's a good chance that…", "example": "There's a good chance that demand will increase.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "As far as I can tell,…", "example": "As far as I can tell, the figures only cover adults.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I wouldn't be surprised if…", "example": "I wouldn't be surprised if they changed the rules again.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F17.B5" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to show how confident you are and give the clue behind an inference. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F18", "title": "Correcting and qualifying information", "category": "3", "kind": "information", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Adjust an inaccurate or overgeneral claim.", "note": "Actually does not mean actualmente. Use currently/at the moment for that meaning. To be more precise refines information; it need not contradict it.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Actually,…", "example": "Actually, the course lasts six weeks, not six months.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F18.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That's not quite right.", "example": "That's not quite right. The offer ends on Friday.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F18.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "To be more precise,…", "example": "To be more precise, the discount applies only to weekday visits.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F18.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That's true in some cases, but…", "example": "That's true in some cases, but it depends on the job.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F18.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to adjust an inaccurate or overgeneral claim. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F19", "title": "Giving and asking for an opinion", "category": "4", "kind": "discussion", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "State a view and invite a different perspective.", "note": "Do not add in my opinion to every turn. I think so/not answers a yes/no proposition; I agree takes with a person or view, not am agree.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I think…", "example": "I think the city needs more public seating.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F19.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "In my opinion,…", "example": "In my opinion, practical skills deserve more attention.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F19.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "What do you think about…?", "example": "What do you think about a four-day working week?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F19.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Personally, I'd…", "example": "Personally, I'd spend the money on better buses.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F19.C4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The way I see it,…", "example": "The way I see it, flexibility matters more than location.", "register": "neutral;spoken", "code": "F19.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I tend to think…", "example": "I tend to think smaller classes work better.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F19.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd say…", "example": "I'd say the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F19.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What do you make of…?", "example": "What do you make of the new proposal?", "register": "conversational", "code": "F19.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to state a view and invite a different perspective. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F20", "title": "Developing and supporting a view", "category": "4", "kind": "discussion", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Develop a point rather than merely announcing an opinion.", "note": "Reason → specific example → implication is a useful route, not a compulsory template. Avoid giving several reasons so briefly that none is developed.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "…because…", "example": "I'd choose the library because it is accessible to everyone.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "For example,…", "example": "For example, students can use it even when they have no quiet space at home.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What I mean is…", "example": "What I mean is that access matters as much as price.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "A good example of this is…", "example": "A good example of this is the evening bus service.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "This matters because…", "example": "This matters because many residents cannot drive.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What this means in practice is…", "example": "What this means in practice is that people have fewer choices.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Another point to consider is…", "example": "Another point to consider is the effect on local shops.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "If…, then…", "example": "If the service finishes at six, then shift workers cannot use it.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F20.B6" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to develop a point rather than merely announcing an opinion. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g2" }, { "id": "F21", "title": "Agreeing and building on an idea", "category": "4", "kind": "discussion", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Show what you agree with, then add something relevant.", "note": "I agree with you/about the problem. Exactly is often a complete response; vary responses naturally rather than mechanically.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I agree.", "example": "I agree. The timetable needs to change.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Exactly.", "example": "Exactly. That's the problem I had too.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I think so too.", "example": "I think so too. It would save a lot of time.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That's a good point.", "example": "That's a good point. I hadn't considered the cost.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd go along with that.", "example": "I'd go along with that, especially for short journeys.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F21.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Yes, and I'd add that…", "example": "Yes, and I'd add that it would benefit visitors too.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That ties in with…", "example": "That ties in with what you said about access.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I agree with you on…", "example": "I agree with you on the need for more support.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F21.B5" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Absolutely.", "example": "Everyone should get a proper lunch break. — Absolutely. We need time to switch off.", "register": "neutral conversational · strong agreement", "context": "Responding with clear agreement", "code": "F21.C4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to show what you agree with, then add something relevant. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F22", "title": "Agreeing partly and conceding a point", "category": "4", "kind": "discussion", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Acknowledge a valid point before qualifying it.", "note": "Concession is not a compulsory preface to every disagreement. Keep elaborate inversions such as Much as I agree… outside the active core.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I agree up to a point, but…", "example": "I agree up to a point, but not everyone can work from home.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F22.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That may be true, but…", "example": "That may be true, but the situation is changing.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F22.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I take your point, but…", "example": "I take your point, but we need a longer-term solution.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F22.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Having said that,…", "example": "Having said that, the old system did have some advantages.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F22.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to acknowledge a valid point before qualifying it. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g7" }, { "id": "F23", "title": "Disagreeing and challenging a view", "category": "4", "kind": "discussion", "exam": [ "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Disagree clearly while keeping the discussion workable.", "note": "Tone, reason and relationship matter. I don't buy that is more direct and informal; recognize it, but use the neutral core first.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm not sure I agree.", "example": "I'm not sure I agree. Some people prefer working alone.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F23.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I don't think that's true.", "example": "I don't think that's true in every case.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F23.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not convinced that…", "example": "I'm not convinced that a higher price means better quality.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F23.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I see it differently.", "example": "I see it differently. For me, the location is the main advantage.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F23.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not so sure about that.", "example": "Working from home is always easier. — I'm not so sure about that. I find it hard to stop working.", "register": "neutral conversational · softened disagreement", "context": "Disagreeing without dismissing the person", "code": "F23.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to disagree clearly while keeping the discussion workable. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F24", "title": "Evaluating behavior and decisions", "category": "4", "kind": "discussion", "exam": [ "WP" ], "purpose": "Evaluate the action and explain the criterion.", "note": "A compact bank is enough. Serious reservations is useful in formal evaluation, but not needed as a default everyday response.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "That seems fair/unfair.", "example": "That seems unfair to people who work weekends.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F24.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I don't think that's acceptable.", "example": "I don't think that's acceptable when safety is involved.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F24.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I support…", "example": "I support the decision to make the service accessible.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F24.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I have reservations about…", "example": "I have reservations about introducing it without a trial.", "register": "neutral/formal", "code": "F24.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to evaluate the action and explain the criterion. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F25", "title": "Making requests and responding", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [ "C", "W" ], "purpose": "Ask someone to act and give a clear response.", "note": "Would you mind + -ing: No, not at all accepts the request. Avoid an isolated yes when you mean you will help. Longer forms suit some situations, but length does not guarantee politeness.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Could you…?", "example": "Could you send me the timetable, please?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F25.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Of course.", "example": "Of course. I'll send it this afternoon.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F25.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm sorry, but I can't…", "example": "I'm sorry, but I can't stay late today.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F25.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Would you mind + -ing?", "example": "Would you mind keeping the noise down?", "register": "neutral;careful", "code": "F25.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "No, not at all.", "example": "No, not at all. I'll turn it down.", "register": "neutral;response to mind", "code": "F25.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Do you think you could…?", "example": "Do you think you could give me a little more time?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F25.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I was wondering if you could…", "example": "I was wondering if you could confirm the arrangements.", "register": "careful;often written", "code": "F25.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd appreciate it if you could…", "example": "I'd appreciate it if you could reply by Friday.", "register": "formal;written", "code": "F25.B5" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to ask someone to act and give a clear response. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F26", "title": "Asking for and giving permission", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Distinguish asking to do something from asking someone else to do it.", "note": "Would you mind if I + past simple asks permission. Would you mind + -ing asks the other person to act. You are welcome to… can grant permission; it is not always an invitation.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Can I…?", "example": "Can I use this chair?", "register": "conversational", "code": "F26.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Is it OK if I…?", "example": "Is it OK if I leave a little early?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F26.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Of course. Go ahead.", "example": "Of course. Go ahead. Nobody's using it.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F26.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Would you mind if I…?", "example": "Would you mind if I opened the window?", "register": "neutral;careful", "code": "F26.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "No, not at all.", "example": "No, not at all. It's quite warm in here.", "register": "neutral;granting permission", "code": "F26.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm afraid that isn't possible.", "example": "I'm afraid that isn't possible during the performance.", "register": "neutral/formal", "code": "F26.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to distinguish asking to do something from asking someone else to do it. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F27", "title": "Suggesting and responding to suggestions", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Offer a workable option and respond with a reason.", "note": "How about + noun/-ing; why don't we + bare infinitive. What if we + past can make a suggestion more tentative. Shall we…? is especially common in BrE; How about…? is a useful cross-variety alternative.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Why don't we…?", "example": "Why don't we meet outside the station?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "How about + -ing?", "example": "How about taking the later train?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "We could…", "example": "We could ask whether there's a group discount.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.C3" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That sounds good.", "example": "That sounds good. It would give us more time.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.C4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "One option would be to…", "example": "One option would be to split the cost.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It might be worth + -ing", "example": "It might be worth checking the reviews first.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What if we…?", "example": "What if we invited the neighbors as well?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not sure that would work because…", "example": "I'm not sure that would work because the room is too small.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F27.B4" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to offer a workable option and respond with a reason. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F28", "title": "Inviting, accepting and declining", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Make the invitation clear; respond warmly and honestly.", "note": "I'd love to can accept or introduce a warm refusal: I'd love to, but… . A reason or alternative often helps, but nobody needs to invent a personal excuse.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Would you like to…?", "example": "Would you like to join us for dinner?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F28.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'd love to.", "example": "I'd love to. What time are you meeting?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F28.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Thanks, but I can't.", "example": "Thanks, but I can't. I'm working that evening.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F28.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Would you be interested in + -ing?", "example": "Would you be interested in joining the book club?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F28.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd love to, but…", "example": "I'd love to, but I'll be away that weekend.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F28.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could we do it another time?", "example": "Could we do it another time? I'm free next Thursday.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F28.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not sure I can make it.", "example": "Can you come over on Friday? — I'm not sure I can make it. Can I let you know tomorrow?", "register": "conversational polite", "context": "Not committing before checking availability", "code": "F28.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to make the invitation clear; respond warmly and honestly. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F29", "title": "Offering help and responding", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Offer something specific and allow a refusal.", "note": "Shall I…? is particularly associated with BrE offers. Can I help…? and Would you like me to…? work across varieties.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Can I help you with…?", "example": "Can I help you with those bags?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F29.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Yes, please. / No, thanks.", "example": "Yes, please. Could you take the lighter one?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F29.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Would you like me to…?", "example": "Would you like me to check the dates?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F29.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd be happy to…", "example": "I'd be happy to explain it again after class.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F29.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Thanks, but I've got it.", "example": "Thanks, but I've got it. It's lighter than it looks.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F29.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to offer something specific and allow a refusal. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F30", "title": "Giving advice", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [ "C", "W" ], "purpose": "Calibrate strength and explain why it would help.", "note": "You'd better is stronger and can sound like a warning; you might want to is tentative. Advice is uncountable: some advice, a piece of advice.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "You should…", "example": "You should check what's included before you book.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F30.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "If I were you, I'd…", "example": "If I were you, I'd speak to the manager first.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F30.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "You might want to…", "example": "You might want to keep a copy of the receipt.", "register": "neutral;tentative", "code": "F30.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "You'd be better off + -ing", "example": "You'd be better off buying a weekly pass.", "register": "neutral;spoken", "code": "F30.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd recommend + -ing", "example": "I'd recommend traveling outside the busiest hours.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F30.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Have you thought about + -ing?", "example": "Have you thought about asking for flexible hours?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F30.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to calibrate strength and explain why it would help. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F31", "title": "Warning and reminding", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Make the risk or necessary precaution clear.", "note": "Don't forget is a reminder, not necessarily a warning. Whatever you do, don't… is forceful; reserve it for a real concern.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Be careful not to…", "example": "Be careful not to share your password.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F31.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Don't forget to…", "example": "Don't forget to save your work.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F31.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Make sure you…", "example": "Make sure you check the closing time.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F31.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Bear in mind that…", "example": "Bear in mind that the last bus leaves at ten.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F31.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to make the risk or necessary precaution clear. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F32", "title": "Giving instructions and directions", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Sequence the steps and check the listener can act.", "note": "Link to the discourse bank for sequence and the grammar bank for imperatives, time clauses and conditions. Check a specific step rather than only asking Understand?", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "First,… Then,…", "example": "First, select your course. Then, choose a time slot.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F32.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "You need to…", "example": "You need to confirm your email address.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F32.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Once you've…,…", "example": "Once you've entered your details, click Continue.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F32.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "If…,…", "example": "If the link doesn't work, use the contact form.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F32.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Is that part clear?", "example": "Is that part clear, or shall I show you again?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F32.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to sequence the steps and check the listener can act. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F33", "title": "Encouraging and persuading", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Connect a benefit to the listener's concern.", "note": "Surely…? can pressure the listener; you have nothing to lose may dismiss a real risk. Prefer clear reasons and acknowledge the cost. Supported B2 persuasion here means giving a relevant benefit, acknowledging a concern and proposing an adjustment; elaborate rhetoric is not required.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Why not give it a try?", "example": "Why not give it a try? You can leave after the first session.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F33.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "The main advantage is…", "example": "The main advantage is that you can practice at your own pace.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F33.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It would allow you to…", "example": "It would allow you to keep working while you study.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F33.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I understand your concern, but…", "example": "I understand your concern, but there is a free trial before you commit.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F33.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to connect a benefit to the listener's concern. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F34", "title": "Negotiating and compromising", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Identify priorities, offer conditions and find a workable adjustment.", "note": "This bank covers bargaining moves. Suggestions are in F27; confirming a final decision is in F42. Compromise does not require abandoning a real constraint.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'd prefer to…, but…", "example": "I'd prefer to meet on Friday, but I could manage Thursday.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Would…work for you?", "example": "Would half past six work for you?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Our main priority is…", "example": "Our main priority is keeping the event affordable.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I could agree to that if…", "example": "I could agree to that if we kept the quieter room.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Would you be willing to…?", "example": "Would you be willing to share the preparation?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could we meet halfway?", "example": "Could we meet halfway and keep it to one evening a week?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That would work for me, provided…", "example": "That would work for me, provided we finish by nine.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "How about a compromise?", "example": "How about a compromise? We could try it for a month.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F34.B6" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to identify priorities, offer conditions and find a workable adjustment. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F35", "title": "Complaining and requesting a solution", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [ "C", "W" ], "purpose": "State the problem, explain its effect and request a reasonable remedy.", "note": "Start with the issue rather than a personal attack. Use neutral language for ordinary service problems; formal written complaints may require a more explicit request.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm sorry, but there's a problem with…", "example": "I'm sorry, but there's a problem with the heating.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F35.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Could you…?", "example": "Could you send someone to check it?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F35.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I was told that…", "example": "I was told that the price included delivery.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F35.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'd like to request…", "example": "I'd like to request a refund for the canceled service.", "register": "formal;written/spoken service", "code": "F35.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to state the problem, explain its effect and request a reasonable remedy. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F36", "title": "Expressing intentions and commitments", "category": "5", "kind": "action", "exam": [], "purpose": "Distinguish a plan, a decision and a commitment.", "note": "I'm thinking of is tentative. I'll can make an immediate decision or promise. Avoid I promise unless you intend a strong commitment.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'm going to…", "example": "I'm going to apply for the course.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F36.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'll…", "example": "I'll email them now and ask.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F36.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm thinking of + -ing", "example": "I'm thinking of changing jobs, but I haven't decided.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F36.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I intend to…", "example": "I intend to complete the training before September.", "register": "neutral/formal", "code": "F36.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'll make sure…", "example": "I'll make sure everyone gets a copy.", "register": "neutral;commitment", "code": "F36.B3" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to distinguish a plan, a decision and a commitment. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F37", "title": "Opening and framing a contribution", "category": "6", "kind": "interaction", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Establish the question or purpose before developing it.", "note": "A short opening is enough. Avoid announcing every stage in a casual conversation.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Let's start with…", "example": "Let's start with the cost.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F37.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "I'd like to talk about…", "example": "I'd like to talk about how our habits have changed.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F37.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The main issue is…", "example": "The main issue is how to make the service accessible.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F37.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What we need to decide is…", "example": "What we need to decide is which option would suit both groups.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F37.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to establish the question or purpose before developing it. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g11" }, { "id": "F38", "title": "Taking a turn and gaining thinking time", "category": "6", "kind": "interaction", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Enter at a suitable moment and gain a brief pause when needed.", "note": "Use these selectively; do not interrupt every turn or fill every silence. A natural pause is acceptable.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Can I just add something?", "example": "Can I just add something about the location?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F38.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Sorry to interrupt, but…", "example": "Sorry to interrupt, but could we check one detail?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F38.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could I come in here?", "example": "Could I come in here? I had a similar experience.", "register": "neutral;discussion", "code": "F38.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Let me think for a moment.", "example": "Let me think for a moment. There are two things I'd consider.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F38.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That's a difficult question.", "example": "That's a difficult question. I suppose it depends on the situation.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F38.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Before we move on,…", "example": "Before we move on, can I finish the point about transport?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F38.B4" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to enter at a suitable moment and gain a brief pause when needed. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F39", "title": "Asking for the other person's view", "category": "6", "kind": "interaction", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Invite a contribution and follow what the person actually says.", "note": "What about you? needs an established question. In a pair, use your partner's answer; do not repeatedly ask for a view and ignore it.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "What do you think?", "example": "What do you think? Would the evening session suit more people?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F39.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "What about you?", "example": "What about you? Would you rather study online?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F39.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Do you agree?", "example": "Do you agree, or would you choose something different?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F39.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "How do you see it?", "example": "How do you see it? You have experience of both systems.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F39.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Would you agree that…?", "example": "Would you agree that cost is the biggest issue?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F39.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Is there anything you'd like to add?", "example": "Is there anything you'd like to add before we choose?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F39.B3" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to invite a contribution and follow what the person actually says. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F40", "title": "Reacting and asking follow-up questions", "category": "6", "kind": "interaction", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Show that you listened and ask for a relevant next detail.", "note": "Acknowledge the news before asking a relevant follow-up. Really?, Seriously? and No way! can express interest, surprise or doubt depending on tone. No way! can also mean strong refusal, so context matters. Uh-huh should sound attentive, not impatient. What was that like? invites an experience; What makes you say that? may sound challenging. Follow-ups are invitations, not a requirement after private or painful news. See F04 for good news and F06 for sympathy and condolences.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Really?", "example": "Really? I didn't know you'd lived there.", "register": "conversational", "code": "F40.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Why is that?", "example": "Why is that? Is it because of the timetable?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F40.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "What happened next?", "example": "What happened next? Did you speak to anyone?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F40.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "How did you find…?", "example": "How did you find the course? Was it useful for your job?", "register": "neutral;experience/evaluation", "code": "F40.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could you say a bit more about…?", "example": "Could you say a bit more about the practical side?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F40.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "How would that work in practice?", "example": "How would that work in practice if people work shifts?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F40.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That reminds me of…", "example": "That reminds me of something that happened at my school.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F40.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Going back to what you said about…", "example": "Going back to what you said about cost, is there any funding?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F40.B5" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Oh, yeah? / Uh-huh.", "example": "We stayed near the station. — Oh, yeah? — It was noisy, but we could walk everywhere.", "register": "informal attentive · tone matters", "context": "Showing you are following; leave space for the speaker", "code": "F40.C4" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Seriously?", "example": "My neighbor won a trip to Japan. — Seriously? That's amazing!", "register": "informal · surprise; can also express disbelief", "context": "Reacting to surprising news", "code": "F40.C5" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "No way!", "example": "I ran into my old teacher in Toronto. — No way! What was she doing there?", "register": "informal · here surprise; also used to refuse strongly", "context": "Surprise with a natural follow-up", "code": "F40.C6" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "That sounds fun!", "example": "We're going kayaking on Saturday. — That sounds fun! Have you done it before?", "register": "conversational positive", "context": "Responding to a plan or experience", "code": "F40.C7" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "What was that like?", "example": "I used to work on a cruise ship. — What was that like? — The hours were long, but I loved the travel.", "register": "neutral conversational", "context": "Inviting someone to develop an experience", "code": "F40.B6" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to show that you listened and ask for a relevant next detail. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F41", "title": "Changing and returning to a topic", "category": "6", "kind": "interaction", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Make a connection or signal a short digression.", "note": "By the way introduces an incidental topic; it is not a formal essay organizer. Speaking of… needs a link to something just mentioned.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "What about…?", "example": "What about the transport arrangements?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F41.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Going back to…", "example": "Going back to the first option, could we change the date?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F41.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Speaking of…,…", "example": "Speaking of travel, have you booked your tickets?", "register": "conversational", "code": "F41.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "That brings us to…", "example": "That brings us to the question of who will pay.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F41.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "By the way,…", "example": "By the way, did you get my message?", "register": "conversational;digression", "code": "F41.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "To come back to your point,…", "example": "To come back to your point, I agree that access matters.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F41.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": false, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to make a connection or signal a short digression. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g17" }, { "id": "F42", "title": "Summarizing and reaching a conclusion", "category": "6", "kind": "interaction", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Review the position reached and, when required, agree a next step.", "note": "A discussion need not end in agreement unless the task asks for a joint decision. Summarise the actual exchange, not a prepared conclusion.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "So, we agree that…", "example": "So, we agree that the later session is more practical.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Overall,…", "example": "Overall, the first option seems more suitable.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The main point seems to be…", "example": "The main point seems to be that flexibility matters to both of us.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "So far, we've agreed on…", "example": "So far, we've agreed on the venue, but not the date.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Taking everything into account,…", "example": "Taking everything into account, I'd choose the smaller venue.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Shall we settle on…?", "example": "Shall we settle on Saturday morning, then?", "register": "neutral;BrE preference", "code": "F42.B4" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Are we agreed that…?", "example": "Are we agreed that we'll try it for a month?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.B5" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Our next step is to…", "example": "Our next step is to check whether the room is available.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F42.B6" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to review the position reached and, when required, agree a next step. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g20" }, { "id": "F43", "title": "Asking for repetition and clarification", "category": "7", "kind": "repair", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Make the precise difficulty visible.", "note": "Ask about the part you missed. Repetition asks for the same words again; clarification asks for meaning or detail.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Sorry, I didn't catch…", "example": "Sorry, I didn't catch the last part.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F43.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "Could you say that again?", "example": "Could you say that again, a little more slowly?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F43.C2" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "What do you mean by…?", "example": "What do you mean by flexible in this case?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F43.C3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I'm not quite following you.", "example": "I'm not quite following you. How does that solve the problem?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F43.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could you be more specific about…?", "example": "Could you be more specific about the costs?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F43.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Could you give me an example?", "example": "Could you give me an example of the kind of task you mean?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F43.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Sorry, you've lost me.", "example": "Sorry, you've lost me. Are we talking about next Monday or the week after?", "register": "conversational · direct but softened by sorry", "context": "Repairing a misunderstanding", "code": "F43.B4" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to make the precise difficulty visible. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F44", "title": "Checking and confirming understanding", "category": "7", "kind": "repair", "exam": [ "C" ], "purpose": "Check an interpretation before building on it.", "note": "Don't pretend to understand. These are checks, not a reason to repeat every statement your partner makes.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Do you mean…?", "example": "Do you mean the fee is per person?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F44.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "So, you're saying…?", "example": "So, you're saying we need to book in advance?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F44.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Have I got that right?", "example": "The first visit is free. Have I got that right?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F44.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "If I've understood correctly,…", "example": "If I've understood correctly, the figures exclude children.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F44.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Am I right in thinking…?", "example": "Am I right in thinking we can change the date later?", "register": "neutral", "code": "F44.B3" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to check an interpretation before building on it. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F45", "title": "Rephrasing and self-correcting", "category": "7", "kind": "repair", "exam": [ "P", "C", "WP" ], "purpose": "Repair a slip or express the same idea more clearly.", "note": "A short repair helps fluency. Rephrasing should preserve the intended meaning; changing your claim is a different move.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "Sorry, I mean…", "example": "Sorry, I mean Thursday, not Tuesday.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F45.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "What I mean is…", "example": "What I mean is that we need more time, not more people.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F45.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "Let me put it another way.", "example": "Let me put it another way. We need a plan everyone can use.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F45.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I should have said…", "example": "I should have said most people, rather than everyone.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F45.B2" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to repair a slip or express the same idea more clearly. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": "g14" }, { "id": "F46", "title": "Explaining a word you cannot recall", "category": "7", "kind": "repair", "exam": [ "P", "C" ], "purpose": "Keep communicating with a definition, use or comparison.", "note": "A descriptive strategy is more useful than stopping at What's the word? Give enough information for the listener to help.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "It's a kind of…", "example": "It's a kind of cupboard you keep food in.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F46.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "It's the thing you use to…", "example": "It's the thing you use to open a bottle of wine.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F46.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "I can't remember the word, but…", "example": "I can't remember the word, but it means working from different places.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F46.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "It's similar to…, except…", "example": "It's similar to a tram, except it travels underground.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F46.B2" } ], "interactionCore": true, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to keep communicating with a definition, use or comparison. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null }, { "id": "F47", "title": "Relaying and explaining information for someone", "category": "7", "kind": "repair", "exam": [], "purpose": "Select what the person needs and make it accessible.", "note": "Mediation is more than adding According to…. Select, adapt and explain accurately. Do not invent missing information or turn a correlation into a cause.", "items": [ { "level": "C", "pattern": "It says that…", "example": "It says that you need to book before Friday.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F47.C1" }, { "level": "C", "pattern": "The main point is…", "example": "The main point is that the service is free for residents.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F47.C2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The information most relevant to you is…", "example": "The information most relevant to you is the evening opening time.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F47.B1" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "In other words,…", "example": "In other words, you can attend without joining the club.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F47.B2" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "This means you can…", "example": "This means you can use the pass on any weekday.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F47.B3" }, { "level": "B", "pattern": "The text doesn't say whether…", "example": "The text doesn't say whether children need a separate ticket.", "register": "neutral", "code": "F47.B4" } ], "interactionCore": false, "commonUse": true, "mediationSupport": true, "examWhy": "Useful when the task asks you to select what the person needs and make it accessible. These are task-use signals, not guaranteed requirements or marks for using a phrase.", "tierNote": "Consolidate remains fully useful at B2. Build adds alternatives or pragmatic range; it is not a claim that every B expression is harder, more formal or officially B2.", "relatedCoherence": null } ], "macrofunctions": [ { "id": "M01", "title": "Choose together and reach a decision", "functions": [ "F37", "F27", "F39", "F14", "F22", "F34", "F42" ], "task": "Choose one evening activity for a mixed group. One person needs a low-cost option; the other needs to finish early.", "turns": [ [ "A", "Frame + suggest", "What we need to decide is which activity would suit everyone. One option would be to have a picnic." ], [ "B", "Evaluate + state constraint", "That sounds good, but I’m not sure that would work if it rains." ], [ "A", "Invite + compare", "What do you think about the museum instead? It’s more expensive, but we could finish earlier." ], [ "B", "Concede + negotiate", "I take your point, but cost is our main priority. I could agree to that if we found a discount." ], [ "A", "Propose adjustment", "How about a compromise? We could go on the free-entry evening." ], [ "B", "Conclude + next step", "That would work for me. So, we agree on the museum. Our next step is to check the opening times." ] ], "transfer": "Work: choose staff training. Education: choose a class trip. Environment: choose a local action. Change the constraints, not just the topic words." }, { "id": "M02", "title": "Explore a difference of opinion", "functions": [ "F19", "F20", "F40", "F22", "F23", "F42" ], "task": "Discuss whether flexible working improves people’s lives. You do not have to agree.", "turns": [ [ "A", "View + reason", "I tend to think flexible working helps because people can organize their day more easily." ], [ "B", "Follow up", "How would that work in practice for someone who serves customers?" ], [ "A", "Qualify", "That’s true in some cases, but flexible working doesn’t always mean working from home." ], [ "B", "Disagree + develop", "I’m not convinced that flexibility alone solves the problem. A good example of this is a job with unpredictable shifts." ], [ "A", "Concede + conclude", "I take your point. The main point seems to be that people need some control over their hours, even if we disagree about the best system." ] ], "transfer": "Relationships: privacy versus openness. Shopping: convenience versus sustainability. Avoid forcing a compromise in a task that asks for discussion." }, { "id": "M03", "title": "Ask for advice and agree a next step", "functions": [ "F12", "F43", "F30", "F08", "F36" ], "task": "One person wants a less tiring commute; the other asks questions before advising.", "turns": [ [ "A", "Explain need", "I find it difficult to concentrate after the drive home." ], [ "B", "Clarify", "What do you mean by difficult? Is it the traffic or the length of the journey?" ], [ "A", "Specify", "The traffic. I’d rather spend longer on a train than sit in traffic." ], [ "B", "Advise + reason", "Have you thought about traveling by train twice a week? It would allow you to read or rest." ], [ "A", "Commit", "That sounds good. I’ll check the timetable and try it on Tuesday." ] ], "transfer": "Health and lifestyle, study habits, travel planning. Advice must respond to the stated difficulty." }, { "id": "M04", "title": "Resolve a service problem", "functions": [ "F35", "F44", "F25", "F34", "F42" ], "task": "A course advert promises access to recordings, but the link is missing. Seek a practical solution.", "turns": [ [ "A", "Complain factually", "I’m sorry, but there’s a problem with the course materials. I was told that recordings were included." ], [ "B", "Check", "Do you mean you haven’t received a link, or that it doesn’t work?" ], [ "A", "Clarify + request", "I haven’t received one. Could you send it today?" ], [ "B", "Offer alternative", "The permanent link won't work until tomorrow. Would a temporary link work for you?" ], [ "A", "Accept conditionally", "That would work for me, provided it includes this week’s session." ], [ "B", "Confirm action", "Of course. I’ll send it this afternoon." ] ], "transfer": "Shopping, accommodation, public services. Do not invent legal rights or official refund rules." }, { "id": "M05", "title": "Mediate information and check it helps", "functions": [ "F47", "F16", "F32", "F44" ], "task": "Source card: library membership is free for residents; bring proof of address; apply online or at the desk. The listener wants to join but finds the website difficult.", "turns": [ [ "A", "Select relevant information", "The information most relevant to you is that you can apply at the desk." ], [ "B", "Check", "So, you’re saying I don’t have to use the website?" ], [ "A", "Confirm + explain", "Exactly. You need to bring proof of address. In other words, bring a document that shows where you live." ], [ "B", "Ask about a gap", "Does it say whether a digital copy is accepted?" ], [ "A", "Acknowledge limit", "The text doesn’t say whether a digital copy is accepted. We could ask before you go." ] ], "transfer": "Explain an advert, timetable or short infographic for a named person. Preserve source meaning and acknowledge missing details." }, { "id": "M06", "title": "Tell an experience and keep the conversation going", "functions": [ "F15", "F40", "F09", "F43" ], "task": "Tell a partner about a journey that went wrong; the partner listens and asks relevant questions.", "turns": [ [ "A", "Set scene", "It all started when I booked the last train home." ], [ "B", "Follow up", "What happened next? Did you get to the station on time?" ], [ "A", "Narrate", "By the time I arrived, the train had already left. I’d read the timetable for the wrong day." ], [ "B", "React + ask", "That must have been frustrating. How did you get home?" ], [ "A", "Resolve", "In the end, I shared a taxi with two other passengers. It was a relief to get home." ] ], "transfer": "Travel, learning experiences, work incidents. A story is not an invitation for the listener to ask every question in a prepared list." } ], "examLabels": { "P": "Oral production", "C": "Oral interaction", "M": "Mediation", "W": "Written interaction", "WP": "Written production" } }